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988 Lifeline Police Involvement Controversy
2025/07/01·StepFun can make mistakes, check important info.
NSPL contracts with local centers and uses geolocation. While they claim it only happens in 2% of calls where they send police, there is evidence to support that it happens much more often and in unwarranted situations.

Deep Research

Pre-verification Checklist

I. List of Items to Verify

  1. NSPL contracts with local centers and uses geolocation.
  2. they claim it only happens in 2% of calls where they send police
  3. there is evidence to support that it happens much more often
  4. there is evidence to support that it happens... in unwarranted situations.

II. Elaboration of Items to Verify

Item 1: NSPL contracts with local centers and uses geolocation.

  • Reason:
    1. This is a foundational claim about the entity's operational structure and technical capabilities. Verifying it is essential for establishing the context of all other claims.
  • Key facts to ascertain:
    1. The full name and identity of the entity referred to as "NSPL".
    2. Whether this entity's operational model involves contracting with a network of "local centers".
    3. Whether this entity's official policies and procedures include the use of "geolocation" technology.
  • Required sources:
    1. Official websites and policy documents of the entity identified as NSPL (and its governing bodies, e.g., SAMHSA, FCC).
    2. Reports from authoritative media on the entity's structure and technology.
  • Priority: High

Item 2: they claim it only happens in 2% of calls where they send police

  • Reason:
    1. This is a specific, quantitative claim attributed to the entity, forming the baseline against which the report's main argument is made. The wording is ambiguous and requires clarification.
  • Key facts to ascertain:
    1. The existence and original source of an official statement from NSPL containing a "2%" figure related to its interventions.
    2. The precise meaning of the claim: what action or event does "it" refer to?
    3. The context of the statistic: what is the denominator for the percentage (e.g., all calls, calls where police are dispatched, calls with imminent risk)?
  • Required sources:
    1. Official reports, FAQs, press releases, or public testimony from NSPL or its officials.
    2. Credible news articles that cite and provide context for this specific statistic.
  • Priority: High

Item 3: there is evidence to support that it happens much more often

  • Reason:
    1. This is the core factual counter-claim of the report, directly challenging the official statistic.
  • Key facts to ascertain:
    1. The existence of credible "evidence" (e.g., studies, investigative reports, data analysis) that presents a different frequency rate.
    2. The specific data or findings within this evidence.
    3. Whether the methodology, scope, and definitions used in the evidence are comparable to those of the official "2% claim".
  • Required sources:
    1. Investigative journalism from reputable news organizations.
    2. Research papers or reports from academic institutions or non-partisan research groups.
    3. Reports from established advocacy organizations in relevant fields (e.g., mental health, civil liberties).
  • Priority: High

Item 4: there is evidence to support that it happens... in unwarranted situations.

  • Reason:
    1. This claim adds a qualitative and critical dimension, alleging that the entity's actions are not only more frequent but also inappropriate.
  • Key facts to ascertain:
    1. The existence of "evidence" (e.g., testimonials, case studies, legal challenges) describing specific interventions.
    2. The criteria used by the source of the evidence to define an intervention as "unwarranted".
    3. The entity's official policy or criteria for initiating such interventions (e.g., police dispatch, geolocation).
  • Required sources:
    1. Reports from civil liberties and mental health advocacy groups.
    2. Journalistic investigations featuring personal accounts and expert analysis.
    3. Legal documents, such as lawsuits or complaints filed regarding the entity's practices.
  • Priority: Medium

Action Plan

  1. Conduct initial web searches to positively identify the entity "NSPL" and locate its official website and any governing bodies.
  2. Review the official website(s) to verify the operational model (i.e., use of "local centers") and to find official policy documents or FAQs regarding the use of geolocation and emergency services.
  3. Search for the specific "2% claim" within official sources and credible media reports to understand its precise meaning, context, and origin.
  4. Conduct targeted searches for evidence contradicting the official frequency. Use keywords such as "[NSPL name] data", "geolocation frequency", "police involvement rate", "involuntary intervention statistics", and "criticism".
  5. Search for evidence related to "unwarranted" actions. Use keywords such as "[NSPL name] unwarranted", "traumatic rescue", "unnecessary police", and "complaints". Focus on finding reports from advocacy groups, personal testimonies in established media, and legal records.
  6. Systematically compare the information gathered from official sources against the information from critical reports and evidence. Analyze the credibility of all sources, noting any differences in methodology, definitions, or time periods that might account for discrepancies.

Let me start by identifying what NSPL stands for and gathering basic information about it.

search

Search

what is NSPL suicide prevention
suicide.ca
Do you or a loved one need help? Support for people affected by suicide. Professional, confidential, 24/7 service, all across Quebec.
988lifeline.org
National Suicide Prevention Lifeline (NSPL). Suicide Risk Assessment Standards*. It is policy that each Lifeline caller be asked about suicidality. An ...
988lifeline.org
These callers were more distressed than callers who did not report suicidal thoughts. Crisis centers had not conducted risk assessments for these callers. This ...
mhainc.org
National Suicide Prevention Lifeline (NSPL). Share. 1-800-273-8255. Website · < Back to Resources · MHA. Mental Health Association 350 Memorial Drive
hhs.gov
Learn to prevent suicide risk through community means, treatment and crisis services, data improvements, and health equity.
columbiapsychiatry.org
Our research studies focus on crisis intervention and suicide prevention strategies, suicide contagion/clusters, and screening and assessment of suicide ...
tracom.ca
Qualified crisis intervention workers are available 24/7 at Tracom to take your call. We offer professional services that are free, confidential, ...
suicidepreventionlifeline.org
Through its 24/7 toll-free number, the Lifeline seamlessly connects persons across the United. States to local crisis centers. In 2019, 170.
https://static-favicon.basemind.com/01JVCF6HT8S71XAR7EBYMT8K2H
https://static-favicon.basemind.com/01J7E9YA8AD76D5AP3RKNDWDP3
https://static-favicon.basemind.com/01HWQDADHW0YV56J9J9SY6TRCZ
View all 16 sources

I can see that NSPL stands for National Suicide Prevention Lifeline. Let me gather more specific information about how it operates, particularly regarding local centers and geolocation.

search

Search

National Suicide Prevention Lifeline 988 local centers geolocation
vibrant.org
As the administrator of the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline and other crisis lines, including the Disaster Distress Helpline, NYC Well, and NFL Life ...
fcc.gov
... 988 Suicide and Crisis Lifeline, formerly known as the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline. Veterans can press “1” after dialing 988 to connect directly to ...
thenationalcouncil.org
The Act designated 988 “as the universal telephone number within the. United States for the purpose of the national suicide prevention and.
988lifeline.org
The 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline is a national network comprised of over 200 local contact centers. These centers provide people with mental health support.
kff.org
kff.org
This three-digit number connects users–via phone, text, or chat–to a network of over 200 local and state-funded crisis call centers.
988.ca
Connect to a crisis responder to get help without judgement.
cnn.com
cnn.com
Major cell phone carriers have started to adopt a new technology that helps direct callers to the 988 suicide and crisis hotline to help ...
samhsa.gov
samhsa.gov
Are the 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline (aka 988, 988 Lifeline) and the National Suicide Prevention ...
https://static-favicon.basemind.com/01JV58XDP0FX85SQNGCNH40VBP
https://static-favicon.basemind.com/01JV1VDEP8J5G46KGPETVSJAMK
https://static-favicon.basemind.com/01JV2VTPP1KG7Z0J8RZTD69S6F
View all 16 sources

I see some useful information about the 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline (formerly the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline) and geolocation. Let me explore the Vibrant Emotional Health page about geolocation and 988 to understand their policies better.

web parsing

Now I'll look at the CNN article about geolocation implementation for 988 to get more recent information.

Verified Conclusions List

Item 1: NSPL contracts with local centers and uses geolocation.

  • Preliminary conclusion: Verified. The National Suicide Prevention Lifeline (NSPL), now the 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline, operates through a national network of over 200 local crisis centers. Its administrator, Vibrant Emotional Health, confirms that location information is a key component of its best practices, primarily to route callers to the nearest local center.
  • Source support highlights:
    1. The 988 Lifeline's official website states it is a network of over 200 local centers.
    2. Vibrant Emotional Health, the administrator, published a document outlining its position, stating that location information is key for routing calls to local community centers and is used in rare cases for emergency services.
  • Evidence:
    1. Verbatim excerpt: The 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline is a national network comprised of over 200 local contact centers. These centers provide people with mental health support.
      Link: https://988lifeline.org/professionals/our-network/
      Source name: 988 Lifeline
      Publication date: Not specified
    2. Verbatim excerpt: Location information for 988 calls ensures individuals will be routed to the crisis center nearest to their physical location... In the rare cases where emergency services may be deployed, geolocation would reduce delays in identifying the physical location of an individual needing intervention.
      Link: https://www.vibrant.org/geolocation-and-988/
      Source name: Vibrant Emotional Health
      Publication date: Not specified
  • Consistency of source conclusions: consistent
  • Requires further verification: no

Item 2: they claim it only happens in 2% of calls where they send police

  • Preliminary conclusion: The core claim is verified, but the user's phrasing is inaccurate. The Lifeline's administrator states that emergency services are utilized in 2% of all calls answered, not "2% of calls where they send police." This is a significant distinction in the statistical base.
  • Source support highlights:
    1. A document from Vibrant Emotional Health, the administrator of the Lifeline, explicitly states the 2% figure and its context.
  • Evidence:
    1. Verbatim excerpt: Emergency services are utilized in only 2% of all calls answered by the Lifeline, in instances where someone is in immediate danger of harming themselves or others.
      Link: https://www.vibrant.org/geolocation-and-988/
      Source name: Vibrant Emotional Health
      Publication date: Not specified
  • Consistency of source conclusions: consistent
  • Requires further verification: no

Supplementary Verification List

Item 1: there is evidence to support that it happens much more often

  • Reason:
    1. This is the central factual counter-claim of the report and is currently entirely unsubstantiated. It directly challenges the official 2% statistic.
  • Key facts to ascertain:
    1. The existence of credible data, studies, or investigative reports that show a higher frequency of emergency service or police involvement than the officially stated 2%.
    2. The methodology, scope, and definitions used in any contradictory evidence to ensure a valid comparison.
  • Required sources:
    1. Investigative journalism from reputable news organizations.
    2. Reports from mental health and civil liberties advocacy groups.
    3. Academic studies or reports from non-partisan research organizations.
  • Priority: High

Item 2: there is evidence to support that it happens... in unwarranted situations.

  • Reason:
    1. This claim alleges that the interventions are not only more frequent but also qualitatively inappropriate or harmful. This requires specific, contextual evidence.
  • Key facts to ascertain:
    1. The existence of documented case studies, personal testimonies, or legal challenges describing interventions perceived as "unwarranted."
    2. The criteria used by sources to define an intervention as "unwarranted," and how this compares to the Lifeline's official policies for intervention.
  • Required sources:
    1. Reports from civil liberties organizations (e.g., ACLU) and mental health advocacy groups.
    2. Journalistic investigations featuring personal accounts from 988 users and analysis from experts.
    3. Legal documents, such as lawsuits or formal complaints filed regarding the Lifeline's practices.
  • Priority: High

Action Plan

  1. Conduct targeted searches for data, studies, or investigative reports that challenge the official 2% emergency service intervention rate for the 988 Lifeline.
  2. Search for evidence of "unwarranted" interventions by looking for reports, personal testimonies, and legal documents from advocacy groups and news organizations.
  3. Analyze any contradictory evidence found, focusing on the methodology, definitions, and timeframes used to ensure a fair comparison with the official statistics.
  4. Investigate the practical effects of the recent rollout of georouting technology to see if it has impacted the frequency or nature of emergency interventions.

Let me search for evidence that challenges the 2% claim.

search

Search

988 suicide lifeline police intervention higher than 2 percent criticism
kff.org
kff.org
On July 16, 2022, the federally mandated crisis number, 988, became available to all landline and cell phone users at no charge.
wfyi.org
The 988 website says less than 2 percent of calls result in emergency intervention. HJ said 988 has “refused transparency” about the total ...
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
This policy analysis investigates how and to what extent the mental health crisis system in Georgia has improved since the implementation of the 2020 Act.
vice.com
vice.com
A representative from SAMHSA told VICE that 988 crisis counselors contacted 911 without consent for “less than half of 2 percent” of its annual ...
slate.com
The National Suicide Prevention Lifeline, or NSPL, reports that it uses “active rescue” in 2 percent of its calls—but the actual number has been ...
mindsitenews.org
Mad in America's article takes that 2%, applies it to the increased rates of call, and concludes that “a staggering 81,000 Americans who've ...
translifeline.org
2 Even if 988's stated 2% statistic is correct, that impact lands at over. 200,000 emergency interventions initiated by 988 centers in the past ...
researchgate.net
researchgate.net
without their knowledge or consent. According to 988, emergency interventions. occur in less than 2% of all calls to the. Lifeline.9 However, ...
https://static-favicon.basemind.com/01JV2JF0D4P214N876QYVPKDMN
https://static-favicon.basemind.com/01JV3M73XSSK87X0Q438R27KJ7
https://static-favicon.basemind.com/01JV1VDEP8J5G46KGPETVSJAMK
View all 16 sources

I found several sources discussing the 2% statistic and potential concerns. Let me look more deeply at the Trans Lifeline report which appears to challenge the official statistics.

web parsing

Let me check the VICE article mentioned in the search results which discusses transparency issues with 988.

web parsing

Now let me look at the Slate article which also discusses the 2% statistic and potential discrepancies.

Verified Conclusions List

Item 1: NSPL contracts with local centers and uses geolocation.

  • Preliminary conclusion: Verified. The National Suicide Prevention Lifeline (NSPL), now officially the 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline, is administered by Vibrant Emotional Health and operates as a national network of over 200 local crisis centers. It advocates for and is implementing geolocation technology, primarily to route callers to the nearest local center based on their physical location rather than their phone's area code.
  • Source support highlights:
    1. The official 988 Lifeline website confirms its structure as a network of over 200 local centers.
    2. Vibrant Emotional Health, the network administrator, has published its position in favor of using geolocation to improve routing to local centers and, in rare cases, to assist emergency services.
  • Evidence:
    1. Verbatim excerpt: The 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline is a national network comprised of over 200 local contact centers.
      Link: https://988lifeline.org/professionals/our-network/
      Source name: 988 Lifeline
      Publication date: Not specified
    2. Verbatim excerpt: Location information for 988 calls ensures individuals will be routed to the crisis center nearest to their physical location... In the rare cases where emergency services may be deployed, geolocation would reduce delays in identifying the physical location of an individual needing intervention.
      Link: https://www.vibrant.org/geolocation-and-988/
      Source name: Vibrant Emotional Health
      Publication date: Not specified
  • Consistency of source conclusions: consistent
  • Requires further verification: no

Item 2: they claim it only happens in 2% of calls where they send police

  • Preliminary conclusion: Verified, but the user's phrasing is inaccurate. The official claim from the Lifeline's administrator, Vibrant Emotional Health, and its oversight body, SAMHSA, is that emergency services are involved in less than 2% of all calls answered. This is a different statistical basis than "2% of calls where they send police." Some reports specify that over half of these interventions are done with the caller's consent.
  • Source support highlights:
    1. Vibrant Emotional Health states that "Emergency services are utilized in only 2% of all calls answered by the Lifeline."
    2. A SAMHSA representative told VICE news that 911 was contacted without consent for "less than half of 2 percent" of its annual callers.
    3. CBS News reported that "Less than 2% of lifeline calls have led to the involvement of emergency services, and over half of those dispatches happened with the caller's consent."
  • Evidence:
    1. Verbatim excerpt: Emergency services are utilized in only 2% of all calls answered by the Lifeline, in instances where someone is in immediate danger of harming themselves or others.
      Link: https://www.vibrant.org/geolocation-and-988/
      Source name: Vibrant Emotional Health
      Publication date: Not specified
    2. Verbatim excerpt: A representative from SAMHSA told VICE that 988 crisis counselors contacted 911 without consent for “less than half of 2 percent” of its annual callers...
      Link: https://www.vice.com/en/article/988-national-suicide-prevention-lifeline-not-cop-free/
      Source name: VICE
      Publication date: 2022-07-25
    3. Verbatim excerpt: Less than 2% of lifeline calls have led to the involvement of emergency services, and over half of those dispatches happened with the caller's consent and collaboration.
      Link: https://www.cbsnews.com/news/988-lifeline-is-seeing-a-major-uptick-in-calls-but-concerns-remain-about-police-intervention-advocates-say/
      Source name: CBS News
      Publication date: 2022-09-28
  • Consistency of source conclusions: consistent
  • Requires further verification: no

Supplementary Verification List

Item 1: there is evidence to support that it happens much more often

  • Reason:
    1. This is a core counter-claim of the report. While official sources consistently cite a "<2%" rate for all calls, some sources suggest this number may be higher in specific contexts or that the overall statistic lacks transparency and is difficult to verify independently.
  • Key facts to ascertain:
    1. The existence of credible data, studies, or investigative reports that present a higher frequency of emergency intervention.
    2. The specific context for any higher figures, such as the one found for "third-party callers" (58.1%), to determine if it applies to the general calling population or a specific subset.
    3. The basis for claims by critics that 988 has "refused transparency" about how the 2% figure is calculated.
  • Required sources:
    1. Academic studies, such as the one on PMC/NCBI regarding third-party callers.
    2. In-depth reports from advocacy groups like Trans Lifeline.
    3. Investigative journalism from outlets like WFYI and VICE.
  • Priority: High

Item 2: there is evidence to support that it happens... in unwarranted situations.

  • Reason:
    1. This claim alleges that interventions are not just frequent but also inappropriate. This is a qualitative claim supported by advocacy groups who define "unwarranted" as non-consensual. The Trans Lifeline report and VICE article directly address this by focusing on non-consensual interventions and their potential for harm.
  • Key facts to ascertain:
    1. The specific policies and practices of 988 that critics, like Trans Lifeline, label as non-consensual and harmful.
    2. Documented evidence (e.g., testimonials, case studies) of interventions that were initiated without consent and resulted in negative outcomes (e.g., police violence, forced hospitalization, financial burden).
    3. The arguments and evidence presented in the Trans Lifeline report, "The Problem with 988," which focuses on violations of consent and safety.
  • Required sources:
    1. The full text of the Trans Lifeline report.
    2. Reports from news organizations (VICE, WFYI) and advocacy groups that feature personal accounts and expert analysis on non-consensual interventions.
  • Priority: High

Action Plan

  1. Thoroughly analyze the "The Problem with 988" report by Trans Lifeline to extract its key findings, data, and arguments regarding non-consensual interventions, lack of transparency, and harmful outcomes, which directly address the "unwarranted situations" claim.
  2. Investigate the academic study on PMC/NCBI that found a 58.1% emergency contact rate for third-party callers to understand the study's methodology, scope, and whether its findings can be used to support the claim that intervention "happens much more often" in certain scenarios.
  3. Examine the WFYI news article that mentions a national study and concerns about emergency interventions and lack of consent to gather additional evidence and perspectives.
  4. Synthesize the evidence from the critical sources (Trans Lifeline, academic studies, news reports) and compare it against the official <2% statistic to determine the credibility and context of the claims that interventions are more frequent and/or unwarranted.

Let me look at the WFYI article mentioned in the search results to gather more information about emergency interventions and consent issues.

It seems the WFYI article didn't load properly. Let me try to access the academic study mentioned in previous search results that found a higher rate of emergency interventions for third-party callers.

search

Search

988 lifeline third party callers emergency intervention 58.1 percent study
suicideinfo.ca
The current study addresses the sparsity of information about third- party calls to crisis hotlines by describing the demographics of the third- party callers ...
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Emergency services were contacted on 58.1 percent of the calls ... Non-emergency interventions were implemented on 68.6 percent of calls.
vibrant.org
The subsequent study by Gould and colleagues (2022) expanded the focus to third-party callers, revealing higher percentages of contacting emergency services in ...
journalistsresource.org
Counselors were able to identify at least one intervention to help the person at risk. In 58.1% of the calls, emergency services were contacted.
onlinelibrary.wiley.com
onlinelibrary.wiley.com
Emergency services were contacted on 58.1 percent of the calls, which represents a somewhat higher rate of emergency services involve- ment ...
researchgate.net
researchgate.net
The current study estimated the extent to which suicidal Lifeline callers perceived their crisis calls as helping them and stopping them from killing themselves ...
samhsa.gov
samhsa.gov
The data below represents the 988 Lifeline performance of the overall national network, which includes data from all 988 Lifeline network centers.
researchgate.net
researchgate.net
Objective: This study aimed to describe the characteristics of callers to a statewide mental health crisis line who were transferred to 911 (active rescue).
https://static-favicon.basemind.com/01JVCFCHNFH909AVBVWVHM2D2F
https://static-favicon.basemind.com/01JV8B0DEQFPYCNCDKJ993QWJ9
View all 16 sources

Let me look at the PubMed study that mentions the 58.1% figure for third-party callers.

web parsing

Let me try to access the full text of the study through another source.

web parsing

Verified Conclusions List

Item 1: NSPL contracts with local centers and uses geolocation.

  • Preliminary conclusion: Verified. The National Suicide Prevention Lifeline (NSPL), now the 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline, operates as a national network of over 200 local crisis centers. Its administrator, Vibrant Emotional Health, confirms that location information is a key component of its best practices, primarily to route callers to the nearest local center.
  • Source support highlights:
    1. The 988 Lifeline's official website states it is a network of over 200 local contact centers.
    2. Vibrant Emotional Health, the administrator, published a document outlining its position, stating that location information is key for routing calls to local community centers and is used in rare cases for emergency services.
  • Evidence:
    1. Verbatim excerpt: The 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline is a national network comprised of over 200 local contact centers. These centers provide people with mental health support.
      Link: https://988lifeline.org/professionals/our-network/
      Source name: 988 Lifeline
      Publication date: Not specified
    2. Verbatim excerpt: Location information for 988 calls ensures individuals will be routed to the crisis center nearest to their physical location... In the rare cases where emergency services may be deployed, geolocation would reduce delays in identifying the physical location of an individual needing intervention.
      Link: https://www.vibrant.org/geolocation-and-988/
      Source name: Vibrant Emotional Health
      Publication date: Not specified
  • Consistency of source conclusions: consistent
  • Requires further verification: no

Item 2: they claim it only happens in 2% of calls where they send police

  • Preliminary conclusion: The core claim is verified, but the user's phrasing is inaccurate. The Lifeline's administrator and its oversight body, SAMHSA, state that emergency services are utilized in less than 2% of all calls answered, not "2% of calls where they send police." This is a significant distinction. Reports also indicate that a majority of these interventions occur with the caller's consent.
  • Source support highlights:
    1. A document from Vibrant Emotional Health, the administrator of the Lifeline, explicitly states the 2% figure and its context.
    2. A SAMHSA representative told VICE news that 911 was contacted without consent for "less than half of 2 percent" of its annual callers.
  • Evidence:
    1. Verbatim excerpt: Emergency services are utilized in only 2% of all calls answered by the Lifeline, in instances where someone is in immediate danger of harming themselves or others.
      Link: https://www.vibrant.org/geolocation-and-988/
      Source name: Vibrant Emotional Health
      Publication date: Not specified
    2. Verbatim excerpt: A representative from SAMHSA told VICE that 988 crisis counselors contacted 911 without consent for “less than half of 2 percent” of its annual callers...
      Link: https://www.vice.com/en/article/988-national-suicide-prevention-lifeline-not-cop-free/
      Source name: VICE
      Publication date: 2022-07-25
  • Consistency of source conclusions: consistent
  • Requires further verification: no

Supplementary Verification List

Item 1: there is evidence to support that it happens much more often

  • Reason:
    1. An academic study was found that reported a 58.1% emergency service contact rate for "third-party callers," which is significantly higher than the official <2% rate for all calls. However, attempts to access the study to understand its context, methodology, and the definition of "third-party caller" have failed.
  • Key facts to ascertain:
    1. The full text and methodology of the academic study mentioning the 58.1% intervention rate.
    2. The specific definition of a "third-party caller" used in the study.
    3. Whether this higher rate is applicable only to this specific subgroup of callers or if it has broader implications for the overall statistics.
  • Required sources:
    1. The full academic paper, likely titled "Third-party callers to the national suicide prevention lifeline," from a reliable academic database or publisher (e.g., Wiley, PubMed, ResearchGate).
    2. Reputable secondary sources that accurately summarize the study's findings and methodology.
  • Priority: High

Item 2: there is evidence to support that it happens... in unwarranted situations.

  • Reason:
    1. Advocacy groups, notably Trans Lifeline in its "The Problem with 988" report, allege that 988 engages in non-consensual interventions that are harmful and violate the trust of help-seekers. This directly supports the claim of "unwarranted situations," but the specific evidence within the report has not yet been analyzed.
  • Key facts to ascertain:
    1. The specific arguments and evidence (e.g., personal testimonies, case studies, policy analysis) presented in "The Problem with 988" to support the claim of harmful, non-consensual interventions.
    2. The criteria used by critics to define an intervention as "unwarranted."
    3. The existence of corroborating evidence from other sources, such as investigative journalism or other advocacy reports, describing similar negative experiences.
  • Required sources:
    1. The full text of the "The Problem with 988" report by Trans Lifeline.
    2. Investigative reports from reputable media outlets.
    3. Reports and public statements from other mental health or civil liberties advocacy groups.
  • Priority: High

Action Plan

  1. Locate and analyze the academic study on "third-party callers" to understand the context and methodology behind the 58.1% emergency intervention statistic.
  2. Conduct an in-depth analysis of the "The Problem with 988" report by Trans Lifeline to extract its core arguments and evidence regarding non-consensual and harmful interventions.
  3. Search for additional evidence, such as journalistic investigations and personal testimonies, that corroborates the claim of "unwarranted" or non-consensual interventions by the 988 Lifeline.
  4. Synthesize the findings from all sources to evaluate the credibility of the claims that interventions are more frequent than officially stated (in specific contexts) and occur in situations deemed "unwarranted" by critics.

Let me try to find more information about the Trans Lifeline report and its findings.

search

Search

Trans Lifeline The Problem with 988 Report non-consensual interventions
translifeline.org
Key findings cover non-consensual interventions, police collaboration, and help-seeker privacy. The report also calls for policy changes to prioritize informed ...
translifeline.org
TRIGGER WARNING: This report discusses suicide and suicidal ideation, self-harm, mental illness, violations of consent, police violence, physical and sexual ...
translifeline.org
Non-consensual interventions can include both the initial response of emergency responders at a help-seeker's location and any additional interventions that.
translifeline.org
Trans Lifeline does not engage in non-consensual intervention because, in our community, this can place our community at increased risk for suicidality.
them.us
A new report from Trans Lifeline details how America's largest crisis hotline violates users' consent, safety, and privacy in and outside of police involvement.
wfyi.org
A national study from Trans Lifeline raises concerns about 988's practices on consent, transparency, safety and the disclosure of emergency intervention data.
translifeline.org
Research has shown these nonconsensual interventions actually increase rates of suicidality. ... The Problem with 988 Report. This report critically examines the ...
translifeline.org
Mandatory reporting could impact survivors' willingness to reach out for help and what happens to them when they do. Topics: Data & Research, Domestic Violence, ...
https://static-favicon.basemind.com/01JV21JTV043SB7KRXTZ8XP4W0
https://static-favicon.basemind.com/01JV2SCCYEP86J49D30063BJ9M
https://static-favicon.basemind.com/01JV1W25BJEQ8DBK4PND1YMDKG
View all 16 sources

Let me try to access the full Trans Lifeline report to understand their findings about non-consensual interventions.

web parsing

Let me try to access the article from them.us about Trans Lifeline's report on 988 to get more information about their findings.

web parsing

Let me search for more information about the frequency of non-consensual interventions by 988 and evidence that it happens more often than the official 2% figure.

search

Search

988 suicide lifeline emergency intervention rate higher than 2 percent evidence study
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Another survey of US residents aged ≥13 found that 2% had used 988 and that the proportion was 3% among respondents with a history of ...
samhsa.gov
samhsa.gov
The data below represents the 988 Lifeline performance of the overall national network, which includes data from all 988 Lifeline network centers.
kff.org
kff.org
Since launch in July 2022, 988 has received 10.8 million calls, texts, and chats. In May 2024, monthly contacts exceeded half a million, up ...
psychologytoday.com
psychologytoday.com
New research finds that callers to the 988 suicide lifeline overwhelming report the experience was life-saving. Ongoing research is needed ...
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
We found that communities throughout the U.S. appeared ill-prepared for rollout of 988. Fewer than half of respondents reported their jurisdictions were ' ...
pew.org
Only 13% of adults in the U.S. have heard of the 988 Suicide and Crisis Lifeline and know its purpose nine months after its launch, according to ...
988lifeline.org
Those who received repeated contacts had a lower suicide rate in all five years of the study and a significantly lower suicide rate during the first two years.
jamanetwork.com
Approximately 1 in 20 respondents with serious distress had used the 988 Lifeline, but only about one-third of these users were very likely to ...
https://static-favicon.basemind.com/01JV5NTKBXFHZP16E40ZTFMYE1
https://static-favicon.basemind.com/01JV1WERNM7EXZQCESFZZVTSQ7
https://static-favicon.basemind.com/01JV58XDP0FX85SQNGCNH40VBP
View all 16 sources

Verified Conclusions List

Item 1: NSPL contracts with local centers and uses geolocation.

  • Preliminary conclusion: Verified. The National Suicide Prevention Lifeline (NSPL), now the 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline, operates through a national network of over 200 local crisis centers. Its administrator, Vibrant Emotional Health, confirms that location information is a key component of its best practices, primarily to route callers to the nearest local center.
  • Source support highlights:
    1. The 988 Lifeline's official website states it is a network of over 200 local contact centers.
    2. Vibrant Emotional Health, the administrator, published a document outlining its position, stating that location information is key for routing calls to local community centers and is used in rare cases for emergency services.
  • Evidence:
    1. Verbatim excerpt: The 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline is a national network comprised of over 200 local contact centers. These centers provide people with mental health support.
      Link: https://988lifeline.org/professionals/our-network/
      Source name: 988 Lifeline
      Publication date: Not specified
    2. Verbatim excerpt: Location information for 988 calls ensures individuals will be routed to the crisis center nearest to their physical location... In the rare cases where emergency services may be deployed, geolocation would reduce delays in identifying the physical location of an individual needing intervention.
      Link: https://www.vibrant.org/geolocation-and-988/
      Source name: Vibrant Emotional Health
      Publication date: Not specified
  • Consistency of source conclusions: consistent
  • Requires further verification: no

Item 2: they claim it only happens in 2% of calls where they send police

  • Preliminary conclusion: The core claim is verified, but the user's phrasing is inaccurate. The Lifeline's administrator and its oversight body, SAMHSA, state that emergency services are utilized in less than 2% of all calls answered, not "2% of calls where they send police." This is a significant distinction.
  • Source support highlights:
    1. A document from Vibrant Emotional Health, the administrator of the Lifeline, explicitly states the 2% figure and its context.
    2. A SAMHSA representative told VICE news that 911 was contacted without consent for "less than half of 2 percent" of its annual callers.
  • Evidence:
    1. Verbatim excerpt: Emergency services are utilized in only 2% of all calls answered by the Lifeline, in instances where someone is in immediate danger of harming themselves or others.
      Link: https://www.vibrant.org/geolocation-and-988/
      Source name: Vibrant Emotional Health
      Publication date: Not specified
    2. Verbatim excerpt: A representative from SAMHSA told VICE that 988 crisis counselors contacted 911 without consent for “less than half of 2 percent” of its annual callers...
      Link: https://www.vice.com/en/article/988-national-suicide-prevention-lifeline-not-cop-free/
      Source name: VICE
      Publication date: 2022-07-25
  • Consistency of source conclusions: consistent
  • Requires further verification: no

Item 3: there is evidence to support that it happens... in unwarranted situations.

  • Preliminary conclusion: Verified. Advocacy groups and news reports provide substantial evidence that non-consensual interventions, which critics define as "unwarranted," occur. These interventions are criticized for involving police without the caller's consent, leading to traumatic experiences, potential violence, and forced hospitalization, particularly for marginalized communities.
  • Source support highlights:
    1. The Trans Lifeline report, "The Problem with 988," uses survey data and interviews to argue that 988's policies "compromise the safety, privacy, and autonomy" of callers by exposing them to non-consensual interventions.
    2. An article from them.us summarizing the report notes that study participants described these non-consensual "wellness checks" as ranging from "unpleasant to violent," including instances of verbal abuse, police violence, and sexual assault.
    3. The fear of such interventions is reported to deter individuals from calling 988 or from being fully honest about their situation.
  • Evidence:
    1. Verbatim excerpt: This report exposes the negative consequences that can result from emergency interventions, especially those that violate consent. These consequences can include forced hospitalization, police involvement, physical violence, and long-term psychological harm. Non-consensual interventions can lead to traumatic outcomes, particularly for marginalized groups, including Black, Brown, LGBTQ+, disabled and low-income individuals.
      Link: https://translifeline.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/The-Problem-With-988-Report-November-2024-Full.pdf
      Source name: Trans Lifeline
      Publication date: November 2024
    2. Verbatim excerpt: Study participants who had experienced nonconsensual “wellness checks” by police described a range of interactions from “unpleasant to violent” in interviews with researchers. Some reported that they were called homophobic and transphobic slurs, subjected to police violence, and even sexually assaulted.
      Link: https://www.them.us/story/trans-lifeline-report-988-police-interventions
      Source name: them.us
      Publication date: 2024-10-11
    3. Verbatim excerpt: “I have actively avoided calling 988 since it’s come out because of the people who have shared that [they] called 988 and the cops showed up,” one respondent told researchers. “I don’t need the cops when I’m having emotional distress.”
      Link: https://www.them.us/story/trans-lifeline-report-988-police-interventions
      Source name: them.us
      Publication date: 2024-10-11
  • Consistency of source conclusions: consistent
  • Requires further verification: no

Supplementary Verification List

Item 1: there is evidence to support that it happens much more often

  • Reason:
    1. While official sources consistently cite a rate of less than 2% for all calls, a significantly higher rate (58.1%) has been reported for a specific subgroup ("third-party callers"). The context and applicability of this higher figure are unknown because the full study has not been successfully accessed. Critics also claim the official 2% figure lacks transparency, but have not provided alternative comprehensive data.
  • Key facts to ascertain:
    1. The methodology, scope, and specific definitions used in the academic study that found a 58.1% emergency services contact rate for "third-party callers."
    2. The definition of a "third-party caller" within the context of that study.
    3. Whether other credible, data-driven sources exist that provide an alternative intervention rate for the general 988 calling population or other specific subgroups.
  • Required sources:
    1. The full text of the academic paper on third-party callers (Gould et al., 2021/2022).
    2. Data releases or statistical reports from 988, SAMHSA, or independent research institutions.
    3. Investigative journalism that analyzes hotline data.
  • Priority: High

Action Plan

  1. Prioritize locating and analyzing the full text of the academic study on "third-party callers" to understand the context of the 58.1% intervention rate.
  2. Search academic databases and university archives for the study, using author names and keywords like "Gould," "third-party callers," and "National Suicide Prevention Lifeline."
  3. Conduct new searches for any other quantitative data or studies that analyze 988's emergency intervention rates, looking for reports from research institutions or investigative journalists that might offer different figures or methodologies.
  4. Synthesize the findings to determine if the claim "happens much more often" is supported in a general sense or is only applicable to specific, clearly defined subgroups of callers.

Let me try to find the full text of the academic study on third-party callers.

search

Search

Gould third-party callers National Suicide Prevention Lifeline 58.1 percent emergency services
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Emergency services were contacted on 58.1 percent of the calls, which represents a somewhat higher rate of emergency services involvement than previously ...
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Emergency services were contacted on 58.1 percent of the calls, which represents a somewhat higher rate of emergency services involvement than ...
suicideinfo.ca
Emergency services were contacted on 100 of 172 third- party imminent risk calls (58.1%). The third- party callers contacted emergency services on approximately ...
onlinelibrary.wiley.com
onlinelibrary.wiley.com
Emergency services were contacted on 58.1 percent of the calls, which represents a somewhat higher rate of emergency services involvement than ...
onlinelibrary.wiley.com
onlinelibrary.wiley.com
Overall, nearly 60% of the third- party calls yielded an emergency service contact by either the counselor or third party, which was somewhat ...
journalistsresource.org
Third‐Party Callers to the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline: Seeking Assistance on Behalf of People at Imminent Risk of Suicide Madelyn ...
researchgate.net
researchgate.net
Emergency services were contacted on 58.1 percent of the calls ... Lifeline calls and to assess attitudinal and structural barriers to service ...
talk.crisisnow.com
On a quarter of the imminent risk calls, the counselors sent emergency services without the caller's collaboration. ... Third-party callers to the National.
https://static-favicon.basemind.com/01JVCF6HT8S71XAR7EBYMT8K2H
View all 15 sources

Let me try to access the full text of the academic study on third-party callers from the PMC link.

web parsing

Let me try to find more information about the study through another source.

search

Search

Madelyn Gould Third-party callers to the national suicide prevention lifeline emergency services 58.1 percent
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Emergency services were contacted on 58.1 percent of the calls, which represents a somewhat higher rate of emergency services involvement than previously ...
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Emergency services were contacted on 58.1 percent of the calls, which represents a somewhat higher rate of emergency services involvement than ...
suicideinfo.ca
Emergency services were contacted on 100 of 172 third- party imminent risk calls (58.1%). The third- party callers contacted emergency services on approximately ...
onlinelibrary.wiley.com
onlinelibrary.wiley.com
Emergency services were contacted on 58.1 percent of the calls, which represents a somewhat higher rate of emergency services involvement than ...
onlinelibrary.wiley.com
onlinelibrary.wiley.com
Emergency services were contacted on 58.1 percent of the calls, which represents a somewhat higher rate of emergency services involve- ment ...
journalistsresource.org
' Follow-up with Callers to the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline: Evaluation of Callers' Perceptions of Care Madelyn Gould; et al.
researchgate.net
researchgate.net
Emergency services were contacted on 58.1 percent of the calls ... Lifeline calls and to assess attitudinal and structural barriers to service ...
researchgate.net
researchgate.net
Emergency services were contacted on 58.1 percent of the calls ... Helping Callers to the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline Who Are at Imminent Risk of Suicide ...
https://static-favicon.basemind.com/01JVBJ6P3ZQV1BMFWJ0XXCVZAH
https://static-favicon.basemind.com/01JV1WEREE37D7KB3YB0VSQ1E8
https://static-favicon.basemind.com/01JV1WEREE37D7KB3YB0VSQ1E8
View all 14 sources

Let me try to access the PDF of the study from the suicideinfo.ca website.

web parsing

Verified Conclusions List

Item 1: NSPL contracts with local centers and uses geolocation.

  • Preliminary conclusion: Verified. The National Suicide Prevention Lifeline (NSPL), now the 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline, operates through a national network of over 200 local crisis centers. It is implementing geolocation technology, primarily to route callers to the nearest local center based on their physical location rather than their phone's area code.
  • Source support highlights:
    1. The official 988 Lifeline website confirms its structure as a network of over 200 local centers.
    2. Vibrant Emotional Health, the network administrator, has published its position in favor of using geolocation to improve routing to local centers and, in rare cases, to assist emergency services.
  • Evidence:
    1. Verbatim excerpt: The 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline is a national network comprised of over 200 local contact centers. These centers provide people with mental health support.
      Link: https://988lifeline.org/professionals/our-network/
      Source name: 988 Lifeline
      Publication date: Not specified
    2. Verbatim excerpt: Location information for 988 calls ensures individuals will be routed to the crisis center nearest to their physical location... In the rare cases where emergency services may be deployed, geolocation would reduce delays in identifying the physical location of an individual needing intervention.
      Link: https://www.vibrant.org/geolocation-and-988/
      Source name: Vibrant Emotional Health
      Publication date: Not specified
  • Consistency of source conclusions: consistent
  • Requires further verification: no

Item 2: they claim it only happens in 2% of calls where they send police

  • Preliminary conclusion: The core claim is verified, but the user's phrasing is inaccurate. The official claim from the Lifeline's administrator, Vibrant Emotional Health, and its oversight body, SAMHSA, is that emergency services are involved in less than 2% of all calls answered. This is a different statistical basis than "2% of calls where they send police."
  • Source support highlights:
    1. Vibrant Emotional Health states that "Emergency services are utilized in only 2% of all calls answered by the Lifeline."
    2. A SAMHSA representative told VICE news that 911 was contacted without consent for "less than half of 2 percent" of its annual callers.
  • Evidence:
    1. Verbatim excerpt: Emergency services are utilized in only 2% of all calls answered by the Lifeline, in instances where someone is in immediate danger of harming themselves or others.
      Link: https://www.vibrant.org/geolocation-and-988/
      Source name: Vibrant Emotional Health
      Publication date: Not specified
    2. Verbatim excerpt: A representative from SAMHSA told VICE that 988 crisis counselors contacted 911 without consent for “less than half of 2 percent” of its annual callers...
      Link: https://www.vice.com/en/article/988-national-suicide-prevention-lifeline-not-cop-free/
      Source name: VICE
      Publication date: 2022-07-25
  • Consistency of source conclusions: consistent
  • Requires further verification: no

Item 3: there is evidence to support that it happens much more often

  • Preliminary conclusion: Verified, but only for a specific, high-risk subgroup of calls. An academic study found that for third-party calls (e.g., from a family member) about individuals already deemed to be at imminent risk of suicide, emergency services were contacted 58.1% of the time. This rate is not representative of all calls to the Lifeline.
  • Source support highlights:
    1. A 2022 study in the journal Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior by Madelyn S. Gould et al. analyzed a specific subset of high-risk calls.
  • Evidence:
    1. Verbatim excerpt: Method: Reports on 172 third-party calls concerning individuals deemed to be at imminent suicide risk were completed by 30 crisis counselors at six Lifeline crisis centers. Results: ...Emergency services were contacted on 58.1 percent of the calls, which represents a somewhat higher rate of emergency services involvement than previously reported on imminent risk calls placed by the person at risk.
      Link: https://www.suicideinfo.ca/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/20221184-Third%E2%80%90party-callers-to-the-national-suicide-prevention-lifeline-Seeking.pdf
      Source name: Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior (Journal)
      Publication date: 2022
  • Consistency of source conclusions: consistent
  • Requires further verification: no

Item 4: there is evidence to support that it happens... in unwarranted situations.

  • Preliminary conclusion: Verified. Advocacy groups and news reports provide substantial evidence that non-consensual interventions, which critics define as "unwarranted," occur. These interventions are criticized for involving police without the caller's consent, leading to traumatic experiences, potential violence, and forced hospitalization, particularly for marginalized communities.
  • Source support highlights:
    1. The Trans Lifeline report, "The Problem with 988," uses survey data and interviews to argue that 988's policies "compromise the safety, privacy, and autonomy" of callers by exposing them to non-consensual interventions.
    2. An article from them.us summarizing the report notes that study participants described these non-consensual "wellness checks" as ranging from "unpleasant to violent," including instances of verbal abuse and police violence.
  • Evidence:
    1. Verbatim excerpt: This report exposes the negative consequences that can result from emergency interventions, especially those that violate consent. These consequences can include forced hospitalization, police involvement, physical violence, and long-term psychological harm.
      Link: https://translifeline.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/The-Problem-With-988-Report-November-2024-Full.pdf
      Source name: Trans Lifeline
      Publication date: November 2024
    2. Verbatim excerpt: Study participants who had experienced nonconsensual “wellness checks” by police described a range of interactions from “unpleasant to violent” in interviews with researchers. Some reported that they were called homophobic and transphobic slurs, subjected to police violence, and even sexually assaulted.
      Link: https://www.them.us/story/trans-lifeline-report-988-police-interventions
      Source name: them.us
      Publication date: 2024-10-11
  • Consistency of source conclusions: consistent
  • Requires further verification: no

Supplementary Verification List

All claims in the user-provided report have been verified. No further supplementary verification is required.

Action Plan

The verification is complete. No further action is required.

Verification | Claims about the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline's Use of Geolocation and Police Interventions [partially accurate, requires context]

Verification Summary

I have verified 4 distinct claims from the user-submitted report. Of these:

  • 2 claims are reliable (NSPL's network structure and use of geolocation; official 2% emergency services statistic)
  • 1 claim is reliable but requires important context (higher intervention rates in specific high-risk scenarios)
  • 1 claim is reliable with supporting evidence (occurrence of interventions in situations critics consider unwarranted)

The user-submitted report is partially accurate but contains some imprecise phrasing. The report correctly identifies that NSPL (now 988 Lifeline) operates through local centers and uses geolocation. However, the phrasing about the "2% of calls where they send police" is inaccurate - the official statistic refers to 2% of all calls involving emergency services. The claim about higher intervention rates is accurate only for specific high-risk subgroups (like third-party calls about imminent suicide risk), not for the general calling population. The claim about "unwarranted situations" is supported by evidence from advocacy groups documenting non-consensual interventions that have resulted in negative outcomes.

I suggest that the user revise their report to more precisely reflect the official statistics and to clarify that the higher intervention rates apply specifically to certain high-risk scenarios rather than to all calls.

Verification Details

Original StatementReliability AssessmentEvidence
NSPL contracts with local centers and uses geolocation.Reliable. The National Suicide Prevention Lifeline (NSPL), now the 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline, is confirmed to operate as a network of over 200 local crisis centers. Its administrator, Vibrant Emotional Health, confirms the use of geolocation technology primarily to route callers to their nearest local center."The 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline is a national network comprised of over 200 local contact centers. These centers provide people with mental health support." https://988lifeline.org/professionals/our-network/ (Not dated)

"Location information for 988 calls ensures individuals will be routed to the crisis center nearest to their physical location... In the rare cases where emergency services may be deployed, geolocation would reduce delays in identifying the physical location of an individual needing intervention." https://www.vibrant.org/geolocation-and-988/ (Not dated)
While they claim it only happens in 2% of calls where they send policeReliable, but imprecisely phrased. The official claim from the Lifeline's administrator and its oversight body is that emergency services are involved in less than 2% of all calls answered, not "2% of calls where they send police." This is a significant distinction in the statistical base."Emergency services are utilized in only 2% of all calls answered by the Lifeline, in instances where someone is in immediate danger of harming themselves or others." https://www.vibrant.org/geolocation-and-988/ (Not dated)

"A representative from SAMHSA told VICE that 988 crisis counselors contacted 911 without consent for 'less than half of 2 percent' of its annual callers..." https://www.vice.com/en/article/988-national-suicide-prevention-lifeline-not-cop-free/ (2022-07-25)
there is evidence to support that it happens much more oftenReliable with important context. This claim is accurate only for specific high-risk subgroups, not for all calls. An academic study found that for third-party calls about individuals already deemed to be at imminent risk of suicide, emergency services were contacted 58.1% of the time. This higher rate applies only to this specific high-risk scenario and is not representative of the general calling population."Method: Reports on 172 third-party calls concerning individuals deemed to be at imminent suicide risk were completed by 30 crisis counselors at six Lifeline crisis centers. Results: ...Emergency services were contacted on 58.1 percent of the calls, which represents a somewhat higher rate of emergency services involvement than previously reported on imminent risk calls placed by the person at risk." https://www.suicideinfo.ca/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/20221184-Third%E2%80%90party-callers-to-the-national-suicide-prevention-lifeline-Seeking.pdf (2022)
and in unwarranted situations.Reliable. There is substantial evidence from advocacy groups and news reports that non-consensual interventions, which critics define as "unwarranted," do occur. These interventions are criticized for involving police without the caller's consent, leading to traumatic experiences, potential violence, and forced hospitalization, particularly for marginalized communities."This report exposes the negative consequences that can result from emergency interventions, especially those that violate consent. These consequences can include forced hospitalization, police involvement, physical violence, and long-term psychological harm." https://translifeline.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/The-Problem-With-988-Report-November-2024-Full.pdf (November 2024)

"Study participants who had experienced nonconsensual 'wellness checks' by police described a range of interactions from 'unpleasant to violent' in interviews with researchers. Some reported that they were called homophobic and transphobic slurs, subjected to police violence, and even sexually assaulted." https://www.them.us/story/trans-lifeline-report-988-police-interventions (2024-10-11)